common name: brown bug
scientific name:Euschist servant(Diga) (Insects: Hemípteros: Pentatomidae)
introduction-distribution-Description-Life Cycle and Biology-host-crop damage-Management-selected references
introduction(Go back up)
the brown bug,Euschist servant(say) is a serious pest, along with several other species of stink bugs, common to most seed, grain, nut, and fruit crops in the southern United States. Reductions in pesticide use on major crops, particularly cotton, have recently led to a resurgence in brown stink bug populations.
Peach is one of the first food crops damaged by brown beetles in spring. In most years, they last all winter and then emerge in the spring to reach peach orchards during the late bloom and peel-cleavage phase when fruit begins to set. However, in mild years they can remain active throughout the winter, feeding on annual winter weeds and other hosts.
In dry conditions, the insects can attack the fruit in much greater numbers. On peaches, stink bugs are also known as cat face bugs because after tissue injury, surrounding healthy plant tissue continues to grow, resulting in a scar that resembles a cat's face. It should also be noted that other species of bugs can also damage peaches in a similar way in central and southern Florida. On pecans, they are called kernel-eating bugs because they damage the kernels of the nuts when they feed, with most damage occurring late in the season.
Illustration 1.View of kernel spots on four nuts caused by feeding brown bugs,Euschist servant(Say). Photo by W.Louis Tedders.
distribution(Go back up)
Brown bugs are found throughout southern Canada, much of North America, and often in parts of the southern United States year-round.
McPherson and McPherson claim yesE.servusoccurs throughout North America with two subspecies. WhileE.s.servus(Say) occurs throughout the southeastern United States, from Florida to Louisiana and California.is euschistoides(Voltenhoven) is found throughout Canada and the northern United States.
Description(Go back up)
Adult:Adult brown bugs are long, shield-shaped, greyish-yellow bugs with dark dorsal orifices and sucking mouthparts.
The fourth and fifth antennal segments are colored darker. The ventral surface is usually pink. The cheeks are large, exceeding the clypeus in length and more pointed. The humeral angles of the pronotum are rounded. Body length ranges from 10 to 15 mm for adults.
(Video) Insect Pests in Corn with Dr. Katelyn KesheimerFigure 2.adult brown beetle,Euschist servant(Say). Photo by W.Louis Tedders.
Figure 3.Ventral view of adult male brown beetle,Euschist servant(Say). Photo by Herb Pilcher, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org.
Figure 4.Ventral view of adult female brown beetle,Euschist servant(Say). Photo by Herb Pilcher, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org.
Owner:The eggs are translucent yellowish in color, but their color begins to change to a bright pink before hatching.
Figure 5.Freshly laid brown stink bug egg mass,Euschist servant(Say). Photo by Herb Pilcher, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org.
Figure 6.Brown stink bug five day old egg mass,Euschist servant(Say). Photo by Herb Pilcher, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org.
(Video) Stink Bug YouTube
nymphs:The nymphs develop in five instars that take about 29 days to develop. They resemble adults but are smaller and oval in shape. They are usually pale green in color.
Figure 7.1st instar brown beetle nymphs,Euschist servant(Say). Photo by Herb Pilcher, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org.
Figure 8.Fed on 2nd instar brown stink bug nymphs,Euschist servant(Say). Photo by Herb Pilcher, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org.
Figure 9.The nymphs feed on the third instar brown stink bug,Euschist servant(Say). Photo by Herb Pilcher, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org.
Figure 10.Fourth instar brown beetle nymph,Euschist servant(Say). Photo by Herb Pilcher, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org.
(Video) Stink Bug Management with Trap Crops WebinarFigure 11.Fifth instar brown beetle nymph,Euschist servant(Say). Photo by Russell F. Mizell, III, University of Florida.
Life Cycle and Biology(Go back up)
Adults overwinter in sheltered areas such as ditch edges, fences, under boards and dead brush, ground cover, rocks, and under tree bark. They are activated in the first warm days of spring when temperatures exceed 21°C. Usually, the first generation develops in wild (non-cultivated) hosts, while the second generation usually develops in cultivated plants.
Each female lays approximately 18 egg masses, averaging 60 eggs, over a period of more than 100 days. It takes around four to five weeks from hatching to adulthood.Euschist servantThey have up to four to five or more generations per year in Florida. Adults are good fliers and move easily among weeds and other alternate hosts.
Figure 12.Nymph (left) and adult (right) brown stink bug,Euschist servant(Say). Photo by Russell F. Mizell, III, University of Florida.
host(Go back up)
Brown beetles typically feed on the vegetative parts, flowers, stems, and leaves of the plant, as well as seeds, nuts, or fruits, making them important pests of many crops.
Brown bugs are found on a wide variety of hosts, including shrubs, vines, many broadleaf weeds, particularly legumes, as well as crops such as corn, soybeans, sorghum, okra, sorghum, beans, peas, and cotton.
crop damage(Go back up)
Adults feed by inserting their needle-like mouthparts into stems, leaves, and seed pods. In doing so, they inject toxins into plant parts, which can cause structures to break down in the area of the perforations or inhibit plant development.
Penetration through the mouthparts may cause physical harm. A combination of mechanical and chemical damage to the growing point of the plant may explain the lesions and symptoms observed in the field. The extent of the damage depends on the stage of development of the plant when it is infested.
Feeding the stink bug causes three main types of damage to grains: it can kill small seedlings, produce stunted plants, or cause "sucking," which is the production of shoots from the base of damaged plants. Tiller is considered the most dramatic symptom, appearing 10 days or more after the actual damage.E.servuscan reduce grain yield in various ways, e.g. B. Reduced stocks due to feeding and death of small seedlings.
Brown bug feeding affects surviving plants by inhibiting root mass development and making plants more vulnerable to other stressors, such as pathogens or attack by other insects. Crops may produce little or no grain and, if they survive, can be considered weeds that compete with healthy plants for water and nutrients.
Management(Go back up)
Bed bug eggs and nymphs often suffer high mortality from parasites, predators, and pathogens. Because adults tend to aggregate, the distribution of brown beetles within a field can be highly aggregated, particularly along borders or borders.
Stink bugs can be controlled with insecticides, but many crops have specific thresholds that must be met to allow more economical management. Additionally, bed bugs are relatively tolerant of most insecticides, making them difficult to suppress. Practices that eliminate seedheads and broadleaf weeds help minimize stink bug populations.
Monitoring can be done by directly examining the trees and counting the damage to the fruit. Butt plate sampling, sweep sampling, and the use of Florida Stink Bug Trap with the aggregation pheromone are also ways to monitor and trap them. Triticale, buckwheat, sorghum, millet, and sunflower trap crops can be grown outside of gardens, orchards, and other types of production areas to trap beetles before moving on to commercial harvest. Small growers may want to grow the traps in large containers so they can be easily moved to where they are needed.
Figure 13.Florida bed bug trap. Photo by Russell F. Mizell, III, University of Florida.
Figure 14.Trap plants for bed bugs. Photo by Russell F. Mizell, III, University of Florida.
selected references(Go back up)
- Aldrich J, Hoffman M, Kochansky J, Lusby W, Eger J, Payne J. 1991. Identification and attractiveness of a major component for Nearcticeuschismsp. Stink bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Environmental Entomology 20: 477-483.
- Borges M , Zhang A , Camp MJ , Aldrich JR . 2001. Diapause of the adult brown apestos bug,Euschist servant(Sprich) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Neotropische Entomologie 30(1) Londrina.
- McPherson JE, McPherson RM. 2000. Bed bugs of economic importance in North America from Mexico. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. 104 pp.
- micellar RF. (2005). Bedbugs and stink bugs are the main pests of fruits, nuts, seeds and vegetables.SEGD. UF/IFAS. SIM-718.http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/IN534(May 7, 2008)
- micellar RF. (2015). Management of bugs with trap crops in organic farming. Renewal.http://articles.extension.org/pages/61596/stink-bug-management-using-trap-crops-in-organic-farming(July 21, 2018).
- Virginia Tech. (2008). green stink bug,acrosternal joy(Say); brown bug,Euschist servant(Say); and dark bug,euxist is sad(Say). The side with the virgin fruit.http://www.virginiafruit.ento.vt.edu/StinkBugs.html(7. mayo 2008).